This study examines coma from the perspective of philosophical psychology (ʿilm al-nafs), with particular emphasis on Avicenna’s (Ibn Sīnā’s) framework. The significance of this issue lies in clarifying the levels of human cognition in comatose states in order to contribute to improvements in therapeutic approaches. Purely physiological analysis has proven insufficient for explaining and interpreting all levels of human cognition in such conditions. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to evaluate human cognition in coma with an emphasis on levels of consciousness as articulated in Avicenna’s ʿilm al-nafs.



The research methodology, in the medical domain, is based on laboratory data, while in the philosophical domain it employs a library-based approach. In addition, mathematical logic within a fuzzy framework—utilizing both natural-language values and artificial language—is applied for three-dimensional modeling. The findings indicate an expanded cognitive understanding of human perceptual states in coma through the application of the hierarchical levels of the soul in Avicennian philosophical psychology, as represented in a three-dimensional model. Specifically, the natural-language values are characterized by a very high degree of intellectual perception, a very high degree of imaginative perception, a low or absent degree of sensory perception, and a low degree of bodily interaction.



The results of this study demonstrate a profound connection between Avicennian wisdom and contemporary cognitive issues.